e.e. cummings You shall above all things be glad and young Essay

e.e. cummings You shall above all things be blithe and boylikeE.E. e. e. cummings You shall above all things be glad and young is a poem written for a man in love. It is a praise of the joys that love can bring men and women, yet also a warning of what can go wrong if you let your mind get in the appearance. This poem jumps from three different shifts in the tone of the speaker. In the commencement and second stanza Cummings is telling the reader the beauty of love. The third and forth stanzas are informing the reader to be careful with letting thoughts fog the artlessness of their feelings. And finally, the couplet to end the poem implores you to go out and live life with the same naivete that you should pursue love with.you shall above all things be glad and youngby e. e. cummingsyou shall above all things be glad and youngFor if youre young, whatever life you wearit will become youand if you are gladwhatevers living will yourself become.Girlboys may nothing more than boygir ls needi can entirely her only love whose any mystery makes every mans skeletal system put space on and his mind take off timethat you should ever think, may god forbidand (in his mercy) your true lover sparefor that way knowledge lies, the foetal gravecalled progress, and negations dead undoom.Id rather learn from one bird how to singthan teach ten thousand stars how not to dance Here, Cummings speech act is a command. He is telling you that before you do anything else in life, you should be glad and young. By using the word glad, Cummings is express to be happy. If you do nothing else, smile. And by young, Cummings may not be telling you to be physically young, which is an impossible feat in the stolon place, but rather, be youthful.... ...progressed its innocence towards knowledge, and by that, you have set your love towards its end.The couplet to end Cummings poem, only sustains in greater detail, his feelings for innocence in love. Yet, the couplet changes from innocence in love to bringing the same attitude towards life. To summarize the lines, Cummmings is saying, no matter how great and immense the stars are, they still just depend on there. And although there is great simplicity in an everyday songbird, to sing like them is more precious and fulfilling than all the stars in the sky. Cummings is asserting that we should take notes from a birds innocence. Do what makes you feel good. Do not worry yourself with how your mind feels, follow your heart. In lesser words, Cummings is taking notes form Whitman. He is telling the reader to live their life with vigor. Sing, dont just let life pass you by.

The Functions of Managers Essay -- Business Management Studies

The Functions of ManagersGood guidance and leadership be critical for arrangings tofunction and also for the organisations to thrive. When organisationsare strong managed just like Barclay, they can operate effectively andthey can operate efficiently. Managers have very good and clear plans,troughs have organised structures, systems, and they also respectresults. When organisations are well led, they adapt to changes in theenvironment and develop cultures that inspire commitment andinnovation. Both good forethought and good leadership are obligatory tosustain organisational performance.Mangers are responsible for getting work done usually through otherpeople the term manger may also advert to a number of different peoplewithin a business. Some job titles include the word manager, such as apersonal manger or managing director. Other jobholders may also bemangers even through there titles do not say it.- Mangers act on behalf of the owners in a company, senior management are accountable packetholders- Mangers set objectives for the organisation, for example, they may decide that a long-term objective is to have a greater market share than all of the companys competitors.- Managers make sure that a business achieves its objectives, by managing others.- Managers ensure that cooperate values which means the value of the organisation are maintained in dealings with other business, customers, employees and general public.When an organisation is managed well mangers effectively perform fouressential management functions Henry Fayol the French managementtheorist listed a number of functions or elements of management theseare- Planning- Organising- Commanding- Coordinating- ControllingPlanningThis involves mangers setting objectives and also the strategies,policies, programmes and procedures for achieving them. Planning mightinessbe done by line mangers who will be responsible for performance.However advice on planning may also come from staff management whomight have expertise in that are even if they have no line authority.For example, a production may carry turn up homo recourse planning in theproduction department, but use the skills of the personal manager inplanning recruitment for vacancies that may arise. In general,planning involves define organis... ... a range of departments for examplethe finance department they will reminder there budget and performance.The process by which person group or organisation consciously monitorsperformance and takes corrective action this is called controlling,another example would be that Barclays finance department will becontrolling and monitoring customers transactions, etc, etc and theywill come on a history and they will keep a record file of that customer.Management control system sends signal to managers that things are notworking out as planned and that corrective action is needed.- Barclays bank monitor and measure what is being archived in each of their department.- Barclay s control, monitor there sales performance.- Barclays control and monitor their cash flow against their budget.LeadingAfter management has made plans, created a structure of work practice,and hired the right personal, someone must lead the organisation, lead story involves communicating with and motivating others to performthe tasks necessary to achieve the organisations goals. Leading is notdone only after planning and organising end, it is a crucial elementof these functions.

Use of the Internet as a Tool for Piracy Essays -- Expository Essays R

Use of the Internet as a Tool for PiracyThe internet is an ever increasingly powerful tool for finding everything from entertainment to indication to daily news. When first created, the internet was only a shadow of what it has become. Most people didnt even bring in a computer, let alone a affiliation to the internet. In the last decade, however, computers have become more and more affordable, and internet service providers have become far more widespread. According to the World almanac and Book Of Facts 2001 By early 2000, more than 300 million people around the world were using the Internet, and it is estimated that by 2005, 1 billion people may be connected (World Almanac). As with any new, powerful technology, the internet has brought with its positive aspects, a number of new problems which will have to be dealt with in the attached several years. One of the biggest controversies which has spawned from the popularity of the net is the piracy of music, software, and movies . In the past, piracy of music and movies was fairly small scale. The only way to hand illegal copies of tapes was to dub them in a double tape deck. This process was slow enough that music companies and movie studios didnt really worry about it. With the advancement of technology, however, piracy has become as easy as burning a CD or downloading music from the internet. The ease with which people can get free copies of songs or movies, production companies have tried to crack down on piracy. Piracy is the copying of copyrighted material without permission from the author. Because technology is always changing, there are no poop out safe methods of preventing piracy. Soon after a new preventative method comes out, someone finds a way around it, making pr... ...reate key generators that produce a valid code. Hard as designers might try, they will never be able to make a totally hacker proof program. Piracy has been a problem for many years, and every time a new method of preventio n is created, a new loophole is discovered. Piracy may be illegal, but because of perplexing laws and the relative anonymity of downloading from the web, authorities will be sullen pressed to ever crack down on individual bootleggers. No matter how hard people try to end piracy, there will always be people who want free music and movies and software badly enough to make copies and exchange it illegally. Napster. Napster Incorporated. September 20, 2001 .Selvin, Joel. Did Napster Help Boost Record Sales. The San Francisco Chronicle August 5, 2001.The Internet and Computers Internet Basics. World Almanac and Book of Facts. 2000 ed.

A Seperate Peace Essay -- essays research papers

A state Peace EssayIn the novel, A Separate Peace by John Knowles, the protagonist, element Forrester battled within himself to find a separate peace and in this process directed his emotions at Phineas, his roommate. Forrester and Phineas formed the fast one of a with child(p) companionship, but there was a silent rivalry between them in Forresters mind. Self deceptions in Forrester led him to believe that Phineas was break to get him (Forrester). Subconsciously Forrester jounced the limb of the tree and forced Phineas to fall and break his leg. Phineas found out the truth of his accident with the help of Leper Lepellier and Brinker Hadley, who were friends that attended Devon High School. Gene Forresters conflict between his resentment of and loyalty toward Phineas personality and athletic abilities was resolved by the death of Phineas.Gene Forrester and Phineas formed an illusion of a great companionship, which was sincere when they jumped from the forbidden tree. We were th e best of friends at that moment, said Forrester when he remembered the instant (Knowles 10). Forrester looked deeper into his relationship with Phineas and became jealous of his talents, I was beginning to see that Phineas could get away with anything. I couldnt help envying that a little, which was perfectly normal (18). A silent rivalry was developed between Forrester and in his mind Phineas. Forrester attempted to become intermit than Phineas by studying more and maintaining a highe...

Cassius Clay - Muhammad Ali :: essays research papers

Cassius Clay better known as Muhammad Ali is by far the greatest boxer of all time. "King of the World" by David Reminick is a precise detailed biography of Muhammad and good documentation how case used to be. The book takes you on a journey behind the scenes of Allis near to the top and boxing foot race in with La Costra Nostra.On an October afternoon in 1954 when Cassius was 12 he left his 60 dollar red Schwinn surfaceside the Columbia Auditorium to understand a bazaar. When he and his friends left he realizes that his new bike was stolen. Cassius was in a tearing rage and some superstar said that at that place was a police officer in the basement of a boxing gym. He went in demanding a statewide bike hunt and threatening to thud the hell out of whoever had stolen it. The officer Joe Martin asked Cassius if he could fight, and Cassius said no, so Martin invited him to come to the gym and learn how to box, so he could get pay back on the bicycle thief. This is the fable of how Cassius first got interested and determined to become a great boxer. He also showed determinations when he brought home and Olympic gold medal. He trained rattling hard for our country and did a really good job.Even back then he ran his trashed talked his opponents, like in his first check out he fought he one by a spit decision, after he found out he had one he shouted he would soon be "the greatest of all time". Know one knew at the time that his boasts would soon be the truth.Cassius mouth has gotten him a lot of discern matches in his career. He gained his first title shot form Sonny Liston this way. One of his famous quotes was "Im so mean I impinge on medicine sick." He ran his mouth so often that people thought he ran his mouth just to psyche him self-out for the matches. That is said to be how he one all of his matches. onward the Liston fight he charted a bus around with signs that read "We all love Cassius Clay", "Without Cass ius the game is dead "March on Listons camp." " impart HUNTIN."Cassius first heavy weight title shot was against Sonny Liston a very big man who would give Mike Tyson a good run for his money.Cassius Clay - Muhammad Ali essays research papers Cassius Clay better known as Muhammad Ali is by far the greatest boxer of all time. "King of the World" by David Reminick is a very detailed biography of Muhammad and good documentation how boxing used to be. The book takes you on a journey behind the scenes of Allis rise to the top and boxing run in with La Costra Nostra.On an October afternoon in 1954 when Cassius was 12 he left his 60 dollar red Schwinn external the Columbia Auditorium to visit a bazaar. When he and his friends left he realizes that his new bike was stolen. Cassius was in a tearing rage and someone said that there was a police officer in the basement of a boxing gym. He went in demanding a statewide bike hunt and threatening to beat the hell out o f whoever had stolen it. The officer Joe Martin asked Cassius if he could fight, and Cassius said no, so Martin invited him to come to the gym and learn how to box, so he could get pay back on the bicycle thief. This is the story of how Cassius first got interested and determined to become a great boxer. He also showed determinations when he brought home and Olympic gold medal. He trained very hard for our country and did a really good job.Even back then he ran his trashed talked his opponents, like in his first match he fought he one by a spit decision, after he found out he had one he shouted he would soon be "the greatest of all time". Know one knew at the time that his boasts would soon be the truth.Cassius mouth has gotten him a lot of key matches in his career. He gained his first title shot form Sonny Liston this way. One of his famous quotes was "Im so mean I make medicine sick." He ran his mouth so often that people thought he ran his mouth just to psyche hi m self-out for the matches. That is said to be how he one all of his matches. Before the Liston fight he charted a bus around with signs that read "We all love Cassius Clay", "Without Cassius the game is dead "March on Listons camp." "BEAR HUNTIN."Cassius first heavy weight title shot was against Sonny Liston a very big man who would give Mike Tyson a good run for his money.

Physical Inactivity Essay -- Health, Ageing, Nursing Home

Introduction and purposeAgeing is a common process in life. With ageing, functional capabilities deteriorate and lead to major risk in health. So for ripened commonwealth, keeping them tangiblely active is an important role in their healthy ageing. This will help them to maintain their independence and value their life as long as they live. Engaging in somatic activity will reduce the risk of chronic conditions and improve the state of mind and well being. universe physically active by participating in regular physical activities has a major health advantage which has been well documented. Despite the advantage of sidereal day to day physical activity a large number of older people go ahead with their inactive way of life. This study was conducted in older people who live in LTC about their barriers in performing the physical activity. In 2007, WHO urged the researchers to conduct a study on the reasons of physical inactivity in older adults. This study was able to improve pat ient outcomes due to the fact that older people are aware of the importance of keeping themselves active and having a meaningful, healthy ageing life.Review of the literatureThe author has reviewed the previous studies on the barriers of regular physical activity in the community living older people (Jones and Nies 1996, Conn 1998, Heesch et al 2003, Lin et.al 2007). But the review shows that little study was done among older adults living in LTC about the barriers they face in their physical activity. The areas of nurse practices are to identify the barriers in older people that keep them away from their physical activity. Developing a plan of care and interventions depend on the mortal problems.Study DesignQualitative exploratory design is used in this study... ...here are barriers among older adults who stays in LTC centers .The barriers are Physical health problems and physical frailty, Fear of resultant injury or falling, past sedentary lifestyle, insufficient understanding about physical activity and environmental restrictions. Health care providers pay back a major role in influencing these older adults to take up a regular physical activity. This study suggests that health care providers need to come in these barriers to develop and maintain physical activity. Also it is important to provide supportive surroundings. Change in behavior cannot occur in overnight, so ongoing physical activity practice is needed. For most of the older residents the LTC becomes the permanent homes, so the health care provider needs to develop a continuous relationship with these residents. These findings contributed to the breast feeding knowledge.

Chinese Communist Party Essay

Throughout the countries early history, a series of dynasties ru lead big and larger territories to what has now move around known as the Peoples Republic of mainland china. All through the 19th century China faced European powers that were militarily stronger than they were. The humiliation brought on by the imperialist powers during the previous century sparked an early revolution in the 20th century against the dynastic regime that had ruled for so long. By 1911 the revolutionist won the battle and the first elected president (Yuan Shikai) of the Republic of China was named thereby moveting an overthrow to the monarchies that had ruled for so long. Although officially titled the Republic of China, it wasnt truly a republic until 1949.In 1948 the prevailing Chinese Communist Party (CCP) defeated the then ruling jingoistic Party. The current government was established in October 1949 after CCP chairman Mao Zedong declared the formation of the Peoples Republic of China (PRC). This effectively brought an end to Western imperialist involvement in China because the communist government set up a one-party bring up that was to be ruled by the CCP.Under Zedongs leadership, China began down the long road of economic recovery. In 1953, with the assistance of the Soviet model of central planning, the Communist set forwards a series of Five-Year Plans to prominentally reorganize essentially all aspects of Chinese life. This involved a focus on the development of basic heavy industry, a progressive socialization of Chinese agriculture and the suppression of non-communist ideals within the countrys religion, press and schools. Although the plan reduced inflation, restored communications and reestablished domestic order, the Chinese began to linchpin off from their original dedication to heavy industry, which was a mainstay of the Soviet model. By the end of the 1950s China began to focus on the agricultural empyrean again and eventually broke their ties with th e Soviets in 1960.In 1966 Zedong launched the Great Proletarian Cultural alteration, which was a back-to-the-basics movement. The intentions with the Cultural Revolution were to stamp out the heavy industrialisation and the bourgeois ideas and customs presented with the Soviets central planning model. The movement lasted for a decade and severely set back Chinas economy.Chinas foreign relations were strained early on in the Cultural Revolution although, in 1970 things began to take a turn for the better. By 1971 the unite Nations China seat that had been held by the nationalist government of Taiwan, was given to the Peoples Republic of China. In 1976 after Zedongs death, a group of old-guard radicals known as the Gang of Four were arrested and charged with the crimes of the Cultural Revolution thereby signifying the formal conclusion of the crusade and a brisk ancestor for Chinas economy.By 1978 moderate reformer Deng Xiaoping obtained ensure of the Chinese government after bei ng removed from the vice premier public speckle by the Gang of Four in 1976. This marked a significant turnaround for China because Xiaoping believed in the idea of alleviating poverty via economic development. He led the economic reform with a simple slogan that promoted the Four Modernizations of agriculture, industry, technology and national defense.Xiaoping backed up his ideals by initiating a reform of the old communal agricultural system. The reform promoted land privatization and gave an incentive for spate to work efficiently and sell their surplus. In addition he rejuvenated the military academies that had been neglected during the Cultural Revolution and he sanctioned an Open Door policy with foreign nations. The policy reversed the long lasting self-sufficiency and isolationist viewpoints held in previous decades, consequently fostering the foreign relationships necessary to adopt new technology, which has assisted with the modernization of Chinas industry.The reforms set in motion by Deng Xiaoping significantly better the standard of living for many of the Chinese great deal. His modernization movement was so successful that by the early 1990s, figures that indicated the peoples average incomes had tripled since he took control of the country. The modernization didnt come easily though. For example, after people began have a better understanding of the individual freedoms and rights enjoyed by Western culture, student sound off became commonplace throughout the 1980s as the Chinese people struggled for further reforms to add more choice in their daily lives. The unrest came to a chieftain in 1989 when students and others joined together for a demonstration in Tiananmen Square, Beijing. Eventually armored troops stormed the city center killing numerous defenseless civilians to put an end to the demonstration. Although the Tiananmen Square incident hurt the countrys foreign relations to some degree with time, ties were mended.Throughout the 199 0s Chinas global reputation greatly improved. In fact, the United Kingdom and Portugal, respectively, handed over control of Hong Kong in 1997 and Macao in 1999 to the Peoples Republic of China. This was a terrific accomplishment for the then newly elected president, Jiang Zemin.Zemin continued to pursue the economic liberalization started by Deng Xiaoping. In addition to the transfer of power in Hong Kong and Macao, he also successfully negotiated a trade agreement with the United States that reduced barriers to commerce between the two countries. The world over took this as the next mistreat in Chinas Open Door policy. This in turn resulted in bilateral trade agreements with many other nations. By December 2001, China was formally admitted into the World Trade Organization marking what will become the rebirth of the Chinese economy.CULTUREOver 20 percent of the worlds population lives in the PRC. Most of the countrys inhabitants (92 percent) are considered ethnic Han Chinese. A pproximately 5,000 years ago people began settling the plains and plateaus of northern and central China. These people eventually absorbed the residents of southern China 2,000 years ago, which spawned a shared culture and the people known today as Han. Minority nationalities make up the remaining 8 percent of the population that include ethnicities such as Mongols and Tibetans. The scarcely settled regions of western and southwestern China are home to about of the minorities.In 1982 China became the first nation with a population that just exceeded 1 billion. By 2004 Chinas estimated population has grown to 1,294,629,600. The country is present signs of decreased population growth rates in conjunction with declining fertility and birth rates. Since the Chinese Communist Party came into rule in 1950, the average keep down of children born per woman during their lifetime (fertility rate) declined from 6.2 to 1.7 in 2004. Over the same period, the birth rate dropped from an average of 45 births per 1,000 people to an approximated 13. This in turn has had a dramatic affect on the populations growth rate, which was reduced from 2.25 percent in the early 1950s to .59 percent in 2004. Even with these reductions, Chinas population withal increases by the millions each year. Although the nations economy grew significantly during this time period, China continually faces the problem of gainfully employing the millions of new workers entrance the workforce each year.The fertility rate has dropped primarily because of government intervention. For example, couples have been encouraged to marry at an older age than what was previously common. In addition, the state began a campaign in 1979 to prevent couples from having more than one child. To assist with the one-child policy, abortion has remained legal and more public health facilities were created to distribute birth-control devices and information. Beyond these measures, women who become pregnant that already have a child will often be coerced to terminate their pregnancy due to social and administrative forces.Although the one-child policy still remains active, there are times when its not strictly enforced. This is often the case for females whom are considered minorities. Due to the high mortality rate among minorities, non-Han people have typically been granted more cultural freedom by the government to have larger families. This stance also serves the government who wishes to appear to be sympathetic towards the desires of the various ethnic groups within China.The one-child policy has led to an unusually high ratio of males to females. The preferences for males are due in part to a intricate set of cultural traditions. For example, the birth of a son ensures that the family name will be carried on. Sons are also necessary to be able to fulfill the accustomed requirements of ancestral worship. Most importantly, men are charged with the obligation of taking care of their natural paren ts once old age sets in. Women also care for their saves parents which can make it difficult financially for the parents of daughters in old age because the Chinese government provides little to no retirement funds in rural areas where a majority of the population is located.To adhere to the one-child policy the Chinese often take what would elsewhere be considered extreme measures to ensure the birth of a son. Males are so preferred that its common to see baby girls abandoned and left for adoption in public places. Some employ new technologies to determine the sex of unborn fetuses so that a pregnancy can be terminated if a daughter is expected. Its also not uncommon to hear of baby girls being killed soon after being born so that another attempt at a son is possible.

Early Seventeenth Century Literature Essay

The earlier seventeenth century is famous for such writers as William Shakespeare, lope de Vega, Miguel de Cervantes, Francis Bacon etc. writings is always depends on political situation in the world and, surely, art trends. Seventeenth century is the bloom of rehabilitation and struggle against universality and this fact has its reflection in the belles-lettres and art of that stop consonant also. The first gear of the seventeen century was a complicated period in the world history. It was the reformation in its full swing, old dogmata which seemed immutable, were overthrown without any respect.The process of reformation dual-lane not only European countries, it divided layers of society in each country, and, sometimes, it divided people in the same family. The reformation was not only a clergy process, it reflected also a natural peoples striving for spiritual and opinion renewal. Early Seventeenth Century Literature The almost remarkable trends in points of view of the p rominent writers in the beginning of the seventeenth century are unfavorable opinions as to the human environment.For example, Lope de Vega, in his dramas Fuente Ovehuna, The star of Sevilla showed a broad panorama of the Spanish society in the seventeenth century. The authors tried to outline in their works the most problem points of their contemporary society. The beginning of the seventeenth century is the reformation time, so a lot of writers firstly after a considerable time had an opportunity to have a point of view in their writings and to write about real events in their countries. Thats why the literature of that period is full of critical opinions as to the human environment, heroic dramas and reformation sense.Saying about trends in the use of symbolism in the literature of the beginning of the seventeen century, it is possible to mention Robert H totally, who was was really interested in the question of using symbolism in the literature. Appearance of any symbol is not accidental. To what purpose can it be primary(prenominal)tained that the two processes are compatible, and that the individual writer can be assumed to be reflecting such non-individual phenomena as cultural patterns and problems? (Hall, 1963, p. 161). In the middle of sixteen-beginning of seventeen century the objects of latent fears and diseased imagination became to appear in the literature.For example, Don Kihot (1605) the master(prenominal) symbol of Servantes cognominal writing, who has spent his life for nothing solely reading novels about knights gests and struggling for windmills. The literature of seventeen century could show this because of some liberty from the Church mind. Trends in a central theme of the most writings were depended on the fact that the literature of the first half of the seventeenth century belonged mostly to humanism. Therefore, the main theme of the most works was the man, as the individual, who debate to the inertness and the sluggishness of the masses.It is not occasionally, that almost simultaneously two great works of humanistic literature arose , Hamlet by William Shakespeare (1601) and the first volume of the Don Kihot (1605). twain heroes, Don Kihot and Hamlet have much in common. They both look at the world around differently compared to their environment, they both are regarded crazy by other people. The theme of loneliness of the man in the world was begun for future development exactly at that period of time. Also, some changes and characters had writers flair of that epoch. The global reformation impacted to the writers style in the beginning of the seventeen century.Global liberty and heroic climate which was born in numerous military conflicts had its reflection in the literature in heroic dramas and other similar writings. The bright example of reformation literature could be such writing as Henry IV by William Shakespeare. Also, the beginning of the seventeen century is the time of staggering populari ty of theater. That time theater was more popular wherefore books and people preferred to see rather to read. Surely, this fact had a really great impact on the literature and writers style of that period as the most of writers began to write plays instead of habitual novels.To my point of view, the work that best exemplifies the beginning of the 17th Century is Hamlet by William Shakespeare. This tragedy reflects the main idea of the epoch idea of disunity and incomprehension between people from one side, and the idea of the nobility and the grandeur of the man, of the human. He was a man, take him for all in all (Shakespeare, 1603, Act 1, Scene 2) the main hero of the tragedy says. These words show new vision, new parameters of the beau ideal man for that time. The Hamlets speech shows the ideal of the man, that was inherent to the epoch of Humanism, Reformation and New Age.The late king was a harmonic thought incarnation in Hamlets eyes. Therefore Shakespeare demonstrates the main demand for the Hero of the Time to think, to contemplate. Surely, it is difficult to find out what exactly has the most impact each to other literature on the environment or vice versa. But literature is always like a mirror that shows the climate in society and country. The literature of the beginning of the seventeenth century was a base for humanism trends in the world literature.It was courageous for that time and free from past pressure of violent morality and Catholicity. Later, those humanism ideas has proceed and expanded and fix their reflection in such events like English revolution in 1640 and French revolution in 1789. References Hall, Robert A. , Jr. (1963). Cultural Symbolism in Literature (169 pgs). Ithaca, N. Y. , Linguistica. Goncalves, H. (1985). Character, Ideology and Symbolism in the Plays of Wedekind, Sternheim Kaiser, Toller and Brecht (145 pgs). London the modern humanities research association.

Things Fall Apart: Egwugwu Mask

The Egwugwu were a significant part of not only Umuofia, but the Ibo polish as a whole. They represented the spiritual ancestors of Umuofia. They were similar to the justice system of today. The Egwugwu were seen as wise and ultimately the most respectable members of the clan.They would review a fountain of the people and agree on a ruling they felt was just. For example, Achebe writes about the Egwugwu judging the case of Uzowulu and his constantly abused wife from page 88 to 94. Even though there were some people who did not agree with the decisions of the Egwugwu, they never dared to speak out against them.Achebe tells the reader the origin of the Egwugwu when writing the booze of the ancestorsemerged from the earth. The Egwugwu auguryfaced the forest, away from the crowd, who saw only its back with the many-colored patterns and drawings done by specially chosen women on page 88. This explains the reader the secrecy and importance of the Egwugwu. They were so sacred that the h ouse they came from couldnt even face the rest of Umuofia.For my project, I created a mask similar to the one Achebe describes on page 90. This spirit is portrayed to have a springy walk. He looked terrible with the smoked raffia body, a huge wooden face painted white except for the round hollow look and the charred teeth that were as big as mans fingers. ( Achebe 90).I have added clay shaped as teeth to my mask to represent the charred teeth (Achebe 90). Additionally, I was unable to find horns as Achebe also tells us the spirit has, so I have added feathers instead. This mask would be used anytime the Egwugwu is out in public. The spirits are unable to remove theses masks because doing so would be murder (Achebe 186). Also, I have added scorings to the mask to show the detailed markings carved into actual tribal masks.

Leaves a lot to be desired

Charleston, S come forwardh Carolina atomic heel 18a. But excluding all of its faults, my paychecks have n perpetually been latish and I have yet to be located off, which lay-offs are not uncommon in the DoD world. V. T. Malcolm Leaves a lot to be desired I work for V. T. Malcolm, we are a Department of disaffirmation contractor out of Charleston, SC. Our main corpo sum up office is in Chesapeake, VA, we also have offices in CA and FL. Our main specialty is communications. There is a conjuring trick at Malcolm, that for a technology driven Communication Company our inter- caller communication is antiquated at best. My so-called rise in the companyI have worked there for quadruple years and all quartet years I have had supply specialist 2 as my official title. Titles do not mean practically at Malcolm. In those four years I have held the positions of shipping and receiving clerk, storeman, forklift operator, forklift trainer, safety officer, tool room clerk, tool room s upervisor, inventory specialist, build maintenance, warehouse supervisor, production supervisor, g everyplacenment tool specialist. My rate of pay has increased a dramatic seventy three cents from my starting date. There are no bonuses for non-managerial staff.If my military rating is up to snuff and the moon is in the right orbit I have been lucky enough to get a Cost Of Living leeway of twenty-five cents for my yearly raise. Other than that we receive no other improvements in pay or incentives for our work. It has been written multiple sentences in emails and said in meetings to be do with your work and you volition be rewarded with more than work. This has been explained that you need to do you work as soon and as slap-up as possible and your reward for this hard work will be more work. Meaning if they get hold that you are not up to speed or tonus on your org there is a possibility you could be furloughed.At V. T. Malcolm they do not fire workers, save they do furlough . The creative thinker being behind this is if you are laid-off you poop collect unemployment almost immediately, which Malcolm has to pay into, however if you are furloughed there is a six week waiting period (hoping that they call you back to work) enacted by the unemployment department before you can begin collecting unemployment. During this quantify Malcolm figures you cannot go that long without a paycheck, so they are hoping you will find another argument so they do not have to pay any extra towards your unemployment check. These are merely a few ways in which they feel they proceed workers to work.A sliver of management style Now when I first started at Malcolm they would do an all-hands meeting approximately every six to eight week in which the general manager would basically give us a state of the company update and finish it with a grilled hamburger and hotdogs lunch with a dyad of sides and a drink. About a year and a half ago we had a steak lunch with baked pota toes and all the dressings. Starting a week later on we had a massive layoff of approximately half of our working force. Since that gratuity we had one lunch meeting in which we were, for lack of a purify term, told that we are doing k exactly things are looking up.That was over six months ago and things are not looking great. There is a sizable contract that is going to contain dry by the end of the year if we do not get replacement contract there will be a layoff in that department. In the department that I am before long in we have approximately six contracts f humbled rately at work. However three of them are not large and do not brave for more than a few months. One is in the beginning stage and is contingent on a lot of things casualty t the beginning and from what I understand we are struggling to keep up to the deadlines.One is in full swing and it is also struggling to keep up. And the last one is the one I am on, it is scheduled to end September 30th of this year . As we sit right now it is well known that we will not be able to terminated it successfully by the end of contract. There is currently sitting a possibility that the contract could be all-encompassing if we can show that we can do the work and meet the deadlines, but at this point with the amount of work left to do and the amount of employees currently assigned to the contract it will be very unlikely to happen.Individual counsel Style I have given you all this information to give you an idea of what it is like where I work. Now management wise, I will begin with myself, and tell you how I work with my employees. I am the immediate supervisor for four employees currently. I recently had one move to a different project and the other left the company for a better Job. I have an employee who is degreed but is currently working at a low end laborer Job go for an interview on Friday for a position that is within her area of study.So there is a distinct possibility soon to have only three employees which will take a shit it inte residueing n ending this contract successfully. I try to be a very people orientated manager. I have an open door policy with my employees and encourage dialogue flow twain ways. I want to know when something is working and when something is not working. I ask them often if they need anything from me, if there is something I could do or get for them to groom their Jobs easier. If the time is available for me and the workers are at a certain point where I can step in then I get in the warehouse and work with them.On Fridays I bring in donuts in the morning, knowing which specific ones employees prefer and try to have them available. I do what I can do to have a life-threatening working relationship with the employees. I have had personal one on one meetings with the employees to get to know them better and tell them a little about myself. I tried to find out what their fears at work are and what they feel about the work they are doin g, what I can do to help them, and what motivates them.When I get emails regarding them or that concern them in any way I make it a point to either post the email or at least go to the ones involved and let them know exactly what was said so there is complete open dialogue. Now if there is something negative happening guarding one of my employees from higher up the hierarchy and I am made aware of it, depending on the particular I may make the employee at least partially aware of what is happening (I would want to know if the roles were reversed, and try to keep that in mind). Group Management Style Unfortunately this type of interaction between supervisors and employees s conducts with me.My immediate supervisor has yet to come to my warehouse and check on me and the production rate since I took over from Just being a warehouse manager to both the warehouse manager and production manager which has been a little over a onto. When I go to his office for help or guidance I receive sh ort curse-filled answers, when he is there, or get told how busy he is and that he couldnt possibly do (whatever it is I ask of him) now but maybe later in the week he might have a chance, he will get back to me. Which doesnt happen I ordinarily have to get the answer else wards or make it up myself.This is the response I receive from the project manager as well (for him it is usually by email for he is impossible to locate in person). I recently move an email to the project manager breaking down all the tasks we have until the end of the contract (September 30th) as per time it will take to do them in man hours and material needed and compared that to the employees I have at my disposal, their amount of man hours left till the end of the contract and asked for a specific number of more employees to be able to complete this Job successfully by the end date.He then did not address the email I sent him but sent out a department wide email asking what resources we need to complete th e tasks at hand and gave a sooner closing date. I then adjusted my numbers and sent him back an mail asking for the adjustment, Justifying the reason why and attached the previous email to the one that was sent out for all to see with the hopes that some good will come of it.In a later email that I was cad on he briefly mentioned that he is requesting additional help in areas needed but we need to strive to complete this contract with what we have since that is the task that we were originally given and at this late stage the Calvary may not arrive in time. But at the end of each email he writes motivate your people to be done with the work that they have and they will be rewarded with more work. I liken that to sexual congress someone in captivity to each your slop (even though the dogs refuse to eat it) and we will give you more.From my perspective on an upward trend this is where the management skills end and threats and intimidation begins. Then the department head invariably has a bad attitude and is in a hurry to be going somewhere. I have tried to have conversations with this man and it always ends with him telling me we are working on getting more contracts but right now hes not even sure if he will have a Job come tomorrow. That is the last thing you want to tell your employees Next as a general manager for the Charleston divisions level this man is more concerned about the aesthetics of the place then how the place is actually running.We may not have working toilets (true story) but he was very trouble oneself that our lawn service was a day behind on cutting the grass. When the air conditioning was out in the building besides the one he work in there was a 10 day delay in getting it fixed due to cost? But when it went out in his building and the part was going to take two days to get delivered, he paid extra to overnight it and have it installed the haping day. Which by the way darn waiting for the part he went home because it was Just too hot to work.The place was 80 degrees. My warehouse hits 80 by eleven am and is usually hovering between 94 to 97 degrees by the time we go home. Of course we have no air conditioning and during the summer we have two abject heaters. I had to acquire individual space heaters for the workers to get them close to being warm enough to do their work. Corporate Style Management Finally at the corporate level, well basically if you are not in the corporate office you are an annoying little ant that keeps getting in the way.Once a year we have awards sent out for outstanding workers. It always works out the same, one award for San Diego, one award for Pensacola, one award for Charleston, and the rest for Chesapeake. All of the events and recognition on our company web site goes to VA. We have even had pictures of work that was done by workers in Charleston, at Charleston locations mislabel as VA Jobs. And even though there were corrections sent into the main office about that fact a re-print, correction, or update was never publicized acknowledging the mistake.All of the current events are about VA, locally e have volunteered at charity events and those have been overlooked to write about how the CEO ran a marathon (not for a charity, Just for his own good). The one time the CEO came to Charleston for an all hands meeting it was to tell us that we were doing good and keep up the good work and that VA thanks Charleston for supporting them. Even though at that moment in time Charleston had the highest amount of revenue coming into the company including all North America entities. When you get that grade of support then you question why moral is as low as it has almost ever been?I think you have answered your own question. V. T. Malcolm used to not be like this from what I hear from the old-timers even as short of a time as seven years ago Malcolm valued their employees. Bosses used to take pride in what their workers did and in reflection workers took pride in what work t hey typeset out. After being interchange four times and this final one to a holding company out of England I think workers are Just too shaky in their Jobs and bosses are too concerned with their Jobs and the bottom line to care what happens to the company.The consensus is that the company will be broken apart and sold piece by piece to the highest bidder. And that leaves everyones Job in a state of limbo. Management is either too self-absorbed or too nervous as whats going to happen next that all management training (if any) has been thrown out the window and it is simply look out for ones own good. Meanwhile we are bidding and receiving Jobs we are not even remotely qualified for, but get them because we are the lowest bidder.Which means we have to cut costs (usually on the working man, not the overpaid administration) and thus we have multiple mistakes by workers who are making barely above minimum wage so they dont care what kind of product they flummox out. So we transfer ev eryone around hoping to make a change but we still have low skilled, low paid workers doing Jobs that are scrutinized by government employees (usually paid a lot higher) and thus the product is rejected and our management cannot figure out why they are receiving such low quality work.So I have a couple of theories first you get what you paid for, meaning low paid workers gets low quality work. Second, when the only time you check the work is when it has already gone through your customers Quality Assurance program and failed miserably, that leaves a bad taste in the SQ rep and they will be expecting poor laity work from your company so things will fail even if they are within passing range. Finally issues like this start from the top down and if you want good work you have to hire good workers and support them.Poor management breeds poor workers. I believe it is time for a reorganization at Malcolm from the top down. 1 . Set Goals, setting clear and concise goals lets you know exac tly what you expect and where you expect to go. 2. Prioritize, what tasks to I need to do to bring home the bacon my goals, how does this task help me complete my goal, and what extent does this task help me achieve y goal. By choosing which one of those your tasks falls under it helps you achieve your goal speedy and easier. 3. Keep a task list and use the above guidelines to help prioritize those tasks. . Schedule tasks this helps keep them in control and gives you a guideline to follow 5. Focus on one task at a time trying to do too much at once gets confusing an leads to frustration, failure, and eventually giving up. 6. Minimize distractions we are used to multitasking today but if we can concentrate on one thing and do it to the best of our abilities we will succeed. 7. have the best Procrastination simply stop being lazy 8. Take breaks Even superman took a break every now and again. 9. Say No when you feel overwhelmed Just say no.There are times where you Just cant do it all. 10. And finally Delegate Tasks you have people who work for you and you hired them to do more than make copies and get your coffee. Use their skill set and ease your load a bit. (William) These are all things that Malcolm supervisors need to learn. Add these in with people skills and V. T. Malcolm is set for success. We put out a good product usually. We need good people working for us. To get good people working for you, you need to have good management.Management that trust and uses their employees to the fullest. Management at its lowest form is managing people. You dont manage people by scare tactics and bullying them. That is something that most people learn in high school. Management is a bit like water once the flow starts downhill it usually trickles all the way to the bottom. References William, D. K. (n. D. ). Http//www. Lifelike. Org/articles/productivity/lo-proven-time- management-skills-you-should-learn-today. HTML. Retrieved from http// www. Lifelike. Org.

Gillian Clarke †Neighbours Essay

Gillian Clarke is a Welsh poet whose writing often uses natural and rural settings to explore larger themes and ideas, oddly political ideas. She draws on the Welsh landscape and her experience of sheep-farming on the sm altogether-holding where she lives in West Wales. She has been the National Poet in Wales since 2008. The Chernobyl Nuclear Plant in Russia was the site of a massive explosion in 1986. Radiation from the accident killed people and animals from the local area, including 6 firemen who put out the fire after the explosion.The effect and spread of the hap cant be accurately predicted after a nuclear accident because radioactive particles can be carried by the wind. They can also aim into the water cycle. The Chernobyl disaster was one of the motivations for the policy of glasnost, proposed and developed by the Russian president Mikhail Gorbachev. Glasnost translates as openness and the policy supported the freedom of information. Gorbachev saw a need for openness beca use Chernobyl residents were not evacuated immediately after the disaster due to the Russian administrations concern to cover up their faults.The spring was late. We watched the throw out and studied charts for shouldering isobars. Birds were late to pair. Crows drank from the lambs eye. Over Finland small birds fell song thrushes steering north, smudged signatures on light, migrating warblers, nightingales. Wing-beats failed over fjords, each lung a sip of gall. Children were warned of their severe beauty. Milk was spilt in Poland. Each quarrel The blowback from some old story, a mouthful of bitter air from the Ukraine brought by the wind in its package of sorrows.This spring a lamb sips caesium on a Welsh hill. A child, lifting her head to drink the rain takes into her blood the poisoned arrow. Now we are all neighbourly, each little town in Europe twinned to Chernobyl, each heart with the burnt firemen, the child on the Moscow train. In the democracy of the computer virus and t he toxin we wait. We watch for spring migrations, one bird returning with green in its voice. Glasnost. Golau glas. A first break of blue.

Jit in Indian Automobile Industry

INTRODUCTION Just In Time The conventional concepts of attribute and customer comfort call for been challenged in the recent years. Customer choices and perceptions have also been changing continuously. Japanese existenceufacturers were the first to meet these challenges by introducing many innovations in manufacturing constitutions and management, one of which is the ism of Just in Time. Just-in-time (JIT) refers to a collection of practices that is designed to eliminate waste and achieve manufacturing excellence.These organizational practices encompass the entire logistics flow of textiles from purchasing by production and distri only ifion. The elements of JIT may take sh ard product design with providers and customers, movement toward single sourcing, proximate providers and customers, sign upd set-up times, preventive maintenance, reliance on analytic tools to nominate sources of defects and plant optimization layout (re)configurations, among others Just-in-time (JI T) manufacturing systems have attracted the attention of industries all over the world.The perceptible impact of JIT lies in attaining productivity and quality standards. The real challenge before Indian managers is to establish priorities among potential JIT techniques to achieve best possible advantage of JIT implementation in Indian industries.. With the variety of products on offer change magnitude with customization and evolving customer acquires, it is but important that a manufacturing facility embraces the advantages of JIT in making the operations lean and flexible. Indian simple machine application India currently has approximately 40 million vehicles. In February 2009, monthly sales of passenger cars in India exceeded 100,000 units. Current low penetration, rising prosperity and the increasing affordability of private vehicles along with immenseness to exports offer a brawny prospectus for the Indian automobile industry. (Source http//www. kpmg. de/docs/ motorcar_su rvey. pdf) round(prenominal) Indian automobile manufacturers such(prenominal) as Tata Motors, Maruti Suzuki and Mahindra and Mahindra, have expanded their domestic and international operations.Indias robust economic emersion led to the further expansion of its domestic automobile market which attracted signifi shagt India-specific investment by multinational automobile manufacturers. Due to strong Global contention Indian companies started focusing on adopting mod techniques and technologies which enabled manufactures to improve their growthes and products JIT IN AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY OF OTHER COUNTRIES Many countries have got leverage by implementing JIT techniques in their several(prenominal) automobile industries.Peter Turnbul, 1 analyzes the trends in the UK automotive industry during the 1980s, giving special focus to the adoption of JIT and TQM principles. This includes development from within the organization and relations between suppliers. alike the implications of ado pting Japanese techniques on Information systems have also been looked into. It was open out in the study that Japan was way ahead of UK and US in scathe of productivity and prize in the cars manufactured due to successful implementation of JIT and TQM techniques and US and UK companies are gradually bridging this gap.Bo Hou, 2 conducted a research on the benefits and difficulties faced in implementing JIT for an automotive company in China. An international automotive company with factory located in China was taken for the Case study, examining the pre and post JIT implementation experiences. In social club to collect data Semi-structured interviews were organized. Most interviewees support that proper design of information systems could assist JIT systems. match to the interviews, Kanban is a essential management method in the case companys JIT model.It was found after the interviews that inventory slew be maintained at a reasonably low level. deed indicators have been i mplemented to examine the achievement of suppliers in quality, on-time oral communication etc. , in order to encourage suppliers to participate in the JIT program. JIT IMPLEMENTATION IN INDIA Several Indian companies have initiated JIT implementation into their systems or are claiming to have implemented many key features if JIT. While studying the implementation of JIT in India the following factors have to be considered. 1) Size of the firm ) Indian economy (only opening up in early 1990s) 3) How MNCs having manufacturing operations in India are Implementing JIT In a Survey of JIT practices conducted by Mahadevan3, Questionnaires were sent to 400 companies but only 43 of them responded usefully. Fourteen critical factors were identified and participating organizations were asked whether these factors were important for JIT implementation in their firms. Quality circles and cellular manufacturing have been rated low while TQM was rated very high. Vikas Kumar 4, explains the interr elationship between the different JIT elements.According to him the elements of JIT important to India are Buffer stock removal, Cellular manufacturing, Kanban and break prevention Garg D 5 conducts a case study in JIT implementation of an Indian tractor assembly. It started implementing JIT purchasing in the mid 1980s. Initially, the company get discouraging results in almost all the areas for several years. Later on everything was streamlined and management began achieving hearty results in margins of reductions in inventory, material movement, space, manpower, execute in carry through and lead time, and an increase in productivity and quality.It can be said that in spite of old machinery, the company is sustaining its competitiveness in the tractor market by applying JIT. Vikas 6 conducted a survey on 34 Indian firms with the aim to find 1) Those elements of JIT that might be difficult to implement in Indian Industry. These have been found to be Buffer stock removal, Error prevention, Frequent and reliable tar, Kanban system, Multi thingal histrion, short lead time, Small hand out size, Zero defect etc. ) dry land for slow implementation of JIT in India which have been found to be High personify of implementation, Informal and casual Auditing, need of support from suppliers, Lack of training, Lack of understanding of JIT techniques, shortage of multi functional workers Garg D 5 explains that the key steps in JIT implementation were extensive training of employees on pull concepts identification of key exploit parameters new layouts based on U-shaped cells ( wherever applicable) standardization of operations a maintenance plan for all(prenominal) machine housekeeping visual watch and multi-skill training.Vikas Kumar 4, Several Indian industries are implementing the JIT with belief that it would be helpful to face the global competition. Yet, its efficaciousness would depend upon qualities, attitudes and values of Indian work force. The st em gives focus to work socialisation of the organization. Some of the elements of work culture desirable for JIT are flexible workforce, Cross training, long term employment, Job enlargement and Labor unions, Work force participation etc. BenefitsVikas Kumar 4 identified that the Potential benefits of JIT include reduced setup cost, labor cost, and move distances According to Chandra7 the study benefits of JIT manufacturing system in ascending order are Reduction in inventory, Quality improvement, Increased productivity, Increased profit margin, Improved competitive lay. Vikas Kumar 6 Highlights the most expected benefits of JIT which are Improved equipment utilization, modify quality control, worker efficiency, inventory turnover, flexibility, productivity, Profit margin, Team work, Low scrap rate etc Disadvantages of JITSome of the disadvantages of JIT as highlighted by Vikas 6 are * Implementation if JIT does not automatically translate to pelf as many direct and indirect c osts are involved in JIT implementation. Also JIT requires appropriate fit between manufacturing activities, organizational design, processes etc. * JIT programs need continuous check and control for sustained improvement * The timely of reverty of goods is extremely important which might be difficult to achieve in almost parts of India * JIT may demand unrealistic commitment from employees.Managerial powers are extended to the workers JIT IN INDIAN AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY With respect to the Indian gondola Industry JIT purchasing, a few elements of JIT production and JIT Logistics are given focus in this research publisher. Purchasing In industries like the automobiles, where the cost of raw material accounts for almost 50-60% of the cost of the final product, Purchasing is a key element to focus for cost reduction Haritha Saranga (8). According to sultan Singh. 9 Purchasing involves determining the need, selecting the supplier, and arriving at proper price, terms and conditions, i ssuing the contract or order and to follow-up to ensure proper delivery on time According to Sultan Singh, Dixit Garg. 10 The traditional approach to purchasing is at the root of many problems that business faces today. High inventory levels, soaring costs, adverse relationships with suppliers and quality issues which either stop production or results in poor products are just a few of the problems with the current way of purchasing JIT PurchasingSultan Singh. 9 has found that Just-in Time Purchasing has received an increasing amount of attention throughout the world due to its potential for quality improvement and cost saving. Jocclyn Drolet. 10 found that many studies indicate that the JIT purchasing function is of paramount importance for successful JIT implementation According to Sultan Singh, Dixit Garg. 10 The four basic principles of JIT purchasing are * Elimination of waste * Employees involvement in purpose making * Supplier participation Total quality control Sultan Singh . 9 Found that JIT purchasing has been implemented in many industries of several countries such as United States, United Kingdom, Italy, Germany, and Korea etc. Today many reputed Indian industries have also switched to the Japanese JIT Purchasing concept to improve their product quality and productivity. In traditional purchasing importance is given mainly to the price of the product. Supplier relationship building, quality, delivery time, supplier satisfaction etc are in the back seat. Sultan Singh. 9 States that Japanese JIT Purchasing is an uninterrupted flow of 100% acceptable materials delivered on due dates and time at optimal cost 100% of time. In JIT purchasing environment purchasing is carried out in small lots with frequent deliveries in small standard containers utilize to hold exact quantity and to the take specifications from a nearby local single supplier with a long-term contract. The company relies much on surgery specifications Consistent quality and delivery performance is most important parameters in the supplier evaluation while price is an important one.This area includes suppliers management, inspection of incoming raw materials/ swindle finished / maintenance components etc. The expectations of the buying firm in JIT Purchasing Dixit Garg 5 conducted a survey to identify the important attributes of JIT Purchasing with respect to the Indian Context. The importance of JIT purchasing attributes in a decreasing order as were High Quality, Mutual trust and Co-operation, Reliable delivery, Exact quantity and Increased customer support. Jocclyn Drolet. 11 stated that the most frequently mentioned benefits are the reduction in lead times, the decrease in inventory levels, waste elimination, and improved quality of incoming parts, raw materials and the delivery process. In fact, these four benefits have been so widely cited in analytical studies, and cross validated in empirical studies, that we believe that they may no drawn-out belong to the domain of hypothetical benefits but must be taken as factual benefits. Sultan Singh, Dixit Garg. 2 States that in JIT Purchasing no percentage of rejects from supplier is acceptable. The supplier is also encouraged to be more innovative.Jocclyn Drolet. 11 Stated that some of the success factors of JIT purchasing are JIT yielding Partnership, Restructuring supplier network, Quality of purchased products, Long term and exclusive agreement with suppliers, Proximity etc. He emphasizes that partnership is a catalyst for other JIT purchasing success factors Problems encountered in JIT purchasing implementation in India Sultan Singh. 9 Found that most serious problems, however, are not operational in nature. They are people problems- stemming from attitude and orientation, past experience and practices, and the passive factors of social relations. The suppliers may not fully support JIT purchasing program because of following reasons * Lack of incentives for suppliers to adopt JIT delivery. * Lack of commitment from buyers. * Considerable strain on suppliers on JIT delivery. Sultan Singh. 9 Has found Evidences which shown that JIT purchasing can be beneficial in Indian context. The supplier is encouraged to be more innovative. He is given destitute specifications . The company relies more on performance specifications than on product design. Counting and receiving inspection of incoming parts is eliminated.Formal paper work is reduced to nominal delivery schedule or quantity can be changed by simple telephone calls/fax/telex message. Supplier is evaluated by consistence in quality, delivery performance and price. It can be cogitate that JIT Purchasing is a key element for the successful implementation of JIT. The benefits of JIT purchasing can be summarized as reduction in lead time and inventory levels, improved quality of raw materials and better delivery process. Also there are increase supplier participation and employee involvements.Many companies in different countries have successfully implemented JIT purchasing. Some of the problems which Indian companies encountered were Lack of support from suppliers, Lack of support and commitment from upside management, Low product Quality, Employees resistance to change and Lack of communication. Maruti is focusing on Supplier development and sharing its quality and manufacturing practices with them. Mahindra and Mahindra is now working to minimize supply constraints through advanced capacity planning, long term contract with suppliers and capacity enhancement. JIT drudgeryAccording to Vikas4, The study elements of JIT production in Indian context include Buffer stock removal, Cellular manufacturing, Kanban, Error prevention and others. In this research paper the attributes taken for study are Cellular Manufacturing and Kanban. Cellular Manufacturing Mahadevan 12 infers that there has been an increasing demand for more variety in the recent years thereby pushing volumes down. It is e stimated that 70 % of manufacturing industries will have mid-volume, mid-variety scenario. Cellular manufacturing provides a solution for the mentioned situation.According to Frost Sullivan 13 Cellular manufacturing is based on the Group Technology concept and involves the use of work cells. A Work Cell is a group of equipment and workstations place in the logical sequence of production, which can produce a product (or part of a product). To successfully maintain One-piece flow in manufacturing cells companies employ quick change over techniques The key factors that affect the design of an efficient cell can be grouped broadly as the number of process required, number of products that fit into the cell, market segments/requirement, and degree of automation.Mahadevan 12 mentions the benefits of Cellular Manufacturing as * Production planning and control become easier as it is similar to breaking the Manufacturing process into little units which are independent and more manageable. * Material handling and traceability becomes easier as materials seldom go outside the respective cells for processing. Work enrichment Employees would be in a position to better relate to the workplace and make improvements The benefits as mentioned by Frost Sullivan13 are improved resource both man and machine utilization reduced lead times, improved product quality, better space utilization, lesser blocked capital in inventory, and an overall improved work space. Timothy14 identifies the disadvantages of cellular manufacturing as * Increased capital using up * Decreased machine utilization * A breakdown can cause work stoppage in cell Shishir Bhat 15 analyses the impact of cellular manufacturing in a Gear manufacturing Machine shop.The evaluation was done based on two outputs, throughput and flow time. It was found that the average monthly throughput order completed in a monthfor master(prenominal) Gears before implementation of Cellular Manufacturing was 59. 5 and that after implementation was 90. 5. Also the average flow time man hours a product spends on shop blow out of the water for main gears reduced from 58 to 30. The paper shows that when a job shop manufactures a group of products with similar characteristics and stable demand, Cellular Manufacturing is an effective way for performance improvements. KanbanKanban is a system of continuous supply of components, parts and supplies, such that workers have what they need, where they need it, when they need it. Kanban facilitates elimination of waste and is one of the most powerful tools of the Toyota Production System. Kanban is designed for quick response to actual consumption and ensures material availability at all times even in the face of fugacious demand swings. Improved material availability helps achieve agility and flexibility in production. Kanban Systems are usually custom designed for each client and each item.A good design takes cognizance of all relevant factors such as consumption level, lead time, transit time, optimum shipping lot, and desired delivery frequency. It can be quickly adjusted in response to seasonality of demand. Inventory reduction is regarded as one of the key strategic levers to improve productivity and positiveness of the firm in theory and practice (Lieberman and Demeester 1999, Chen et al, 2005). Kanban which facilitates visual control was originally designed for manual operation. This encourages employee involvement at all levels.However it can be integrated with any ERP system. Many tasks can then be automated, thus increasing the speed of material flow and accuracy of transactions. B. Vijaya Ramnath,C. Elanchezhian and R. Kesavan 16 wrote a paper which deals with implementation of lean manufacturing in Engine valve machining cell in a leading auto components manufacturing industry in the South India. The main objective of the paper was to present an overview of manufacturing wastes and introduce the tools and techniques that are used to transform a company into a high performing lean enterprise.Value stream mapping was a main tool used to identify the opportunities for various lean techniques. One of the methods used for reduction of waste was the Kanban system. A Kanban job Flow is arrived at which is used for building the future state of Value stream mapping. The elimination and or reducing of wastes is by making the process improvements in the current manufacturing line by adopting some lean tools like JIT, set up time reduction, WIP reduction etc. JIT Logistics Today Indian go players seek to increase their global gradation and supply chain for many of these companies extends across several countries.Hence Logistics is a key area Indian Automobile companies are focusing on. According to Kee-hung Lai. 17 Just-in-Time (JIT) which has been effective in manufacturing operations can also contribute to cost and service advantages in Logistics. However, the potential of JIT has not been widely recognized in logi stics. Kee-hung Lai. 17 has identified the major areas in Logistics in which JIT can be applied such as 1) Transportation management 2) order processing 3) Inventory management 4) Customer service, and a number of supporting lements including materials handling, packaging, purchasing and warehousing. 1) Transport Management Typically materials were ordered in large lot despatchs to obtain economies of scale. Similarly full truckloads or railcars were more efficient. For less than full truckloads loads of different companies having similar destinations were combined. Ken alternburg. 18 States that In JIT Transport all the three parties i. e. the supplier, the carrier and the customer work more fast with one another. One option is formation of Transport partnerships just like supplier partnerships.The carriers would be single source for a family of businesses that will treat these carriers as in-house carriers. In some JIT Environments the parts manufacturing facility is constructed at or near the final assembly plant, allowing small deliveries of parts to be made with greater control over timeliness. Ken alternburg. 18 Suggests that where local manufacturing is not feasible, closed loop transportation is employed in which delivery trucks make stops at various suppliers on a predetermined schedule.Disposable packaging can be replaced with reusable containers and racking compatible with assembly line use, eliminating the costs of removing and disposing of packaging materials and simplifying and speeding the shipment and unloading processes Materials can be unloaded at or near final point of use in JIT System as inspection is eliminated. cost associated with equipment used to speed the delivery process, such as specially configured trucks, containerization, and unloading equipment, are offset by improvements in efficiency as implied by Ken alternburg. 18Ken alternburg. 18 States that JIT environment has affected transportation providers, requiring them to chang e and streamline their methods of operation, and make long-term investments in technology, 2) Order Processing According to Kee-hung Lai. 17 JIT adopts technologies such as Logistical Information System LIS, often in the form of Electronic Data Interchange EDI, Internet, Value Added Network etc so that different parties in the logistics processes can gull access to the needed information for decision making 3) Customer service Kee-hung Lai. 17 states that In JIT logistics, all the activities that take up motion time, for example, order picking, shipment arranging, transporting and so on, need to be managed efficiently. The aim is to meet customer service requirements at the lowest possible cost KPMG conducted a survey on the Indian Automotive supply chain to analyze the key challenges faced by different sections of the Industry, identify the areas that need attention and also identify opportunities. A primary survey was done among the heads of supply chain of some major Indian Auto companies. KPMG 19) The participants of the survey identified the following as the key challenges in order of priority Integrating the end-to-end supply chain and managing it as a single integrated entity While past efforts of OEMs have been focused on streamlining and change different areas of the supply chain independently, through efforts in dealer management, operations planning, vendor rationalization, IT package implementation etc, it is expected that the linking up of these activities is expected to provide significant benefits to players Managing Inbound Logistics/JIT Supplies is a key concern which faces challenges related to reliability of data, lead time and absence of quality logistics players on the upstream side. Respondents felt that as OEM and Auto component players become more global in nature it would have a significant impact on automotive supply chain. Managing costs Cost, Quality and Timely delivery continue to become the key concern area for players.Many OEMs have implemented JIT inbound logistics which is not by increased visibility across the supply chain and improved planning, it has only resulted in the burden of inventory getting shifted from OEMs to their Tier-I vendors. The Key initiatives taken up by the companies to court these challenges according to KPMG 19) are Increased Investment in IT and processes Implement Integrated IT systems such as ERP, but survey revealed that they were not able to leverage on such systems as their business process were not streamlined or aligned with the needs of the IT System. Vendor/Dealer rationalization Many respondents agreed that Indian Industry has not evolved into fully tierized structure where Tier-I vendors take on responsibility for modules / sub-assembliesOutsourcing to logistics service providers Outsource key activities along the supply chain to logistics players, in an effort to reduce costs and increase focus on their customers and core activities. Most OEMs and large Tier-I suppl iers have already outsourced their outbound logistics activities. These activities include carrying out milk runs to collect and deliver parts to OEMs on a daily basis, transferring materials across hubs and warehousing/inventory management. Key logistics players have started maintaining warehouses in close proximity to OEMs plants, and supplying materials on a JIT basis. Related services being provided by large third party logistics service providers (3PLs) include consolidation of materials, packaging, incoming inspection, cleaning, etc (KPMG 19) JIT at Maruti Udyog LimitedMaruti was the first Indian company where Japanese Manufacturing culture was implemented from top to bottom. At the Maruti factory in Gurgaon the eight typical wastages at each operational point (over-production, man movement, material movement, idle time ofoperator,work-in-process, machineavailability,waitingtime andneedlessprocessing) had been measured by observation and even videos. The bottlenecks have been identified and a lot of work has been done to streamline the process. In 1995, when Maruti had 4,800employees, it was producing at the rate of 730 cars a day. Later with 4,500 employees, the plant was producing at the rate of 1,700 cars a day. Simultaneously, the supply chain system is being modified.A delivery instruction system places orders with the vendors for the next days production target. Maruti is now working with an inventory of four hours maximum for local items and six years average for imported materials. The inventory to sales turnover ratio, on the scale of 100 in 1999-2000, is now down to 41. Maruti has also started working with its vendorsto reduce their cost ofproduction so that its own cost can be reduced. It has also launched a quality enhancement scheme, called the Quality Gate system. Maruti has implemented JIT for some of its major suppliers. Some others are in the process of doing so. There is a stress on quality in this highly competitive industry.The barga ining power of suppliers of some components is high, because of capacity constraints. This makes them accept only large orders, and therefore makes it difficult for assemblers to implement JIT CONCLUSION With India emerging as one of the important markets for Automobiles it is imperative for Automobile manufactures to gain production and cost efficiency. JIT would help the companies in achieving this end. The Japanese had perfected the implementation of JIT. Based on research material available it can be concluded that JIT has been successfully implemented in Automobile companies of many other countries such as United States, United Kingdom, China to name a few.Indian Manufacturing environment has huge prospects of advancement through JIT. Some of the key aspects of JIT important for the Indian industry are Total Quality management TQM, Cellular Manufacturing, Kanban, Error legal community to name a few. Some of the reasons for slow implementation of JIT in India can be concluded a s High cost of implementation, Lack of support from suppliers, Lack of understanding or conviction in JIT techniques leading to non effective implementation. Also work culture plays a crucial role for JIT. JIT would require a work force that is flexible, can engage in cross training, and would be committed to their work on providing long term employment prospects.The Major benefits identified by the implementation of JIT are Improved Quality, reduction in inventory, increased productivity and flexibility. There is enough evidence to prove that Indian companies who have implemented JIT at least(prenominal) partly successfully have reaped the benefits. The Case study of Tractor assembly factory and Maruti are testimony for the same. Also Mahindra and Mahindra had implemented JIT techniques during the 1990s to their advantage. To gain the benefit of JIT, Indian Automobile Industry must be willing to modify their procedures and processes References 1) Peter Turnbul, Nick Oliver, Barry Wilkinson (1989), Recent Developments in the UK Automotive Industry JIT/TQC and Information systems, Technology and Strategic Management, Vol 1 No. 2, pp. 09 2) Bo Hou, Hing Kai Chan, and Xiaojun Wang (2011), A Case study of Just-In-Time System in the Chinese Automotive Industry, Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering, Vol I 3) B Mahadevan, (1997),Are Indian Companies ready for Just In Time, Manage Rev, July-September, pp. 85-92 4) Vikas Kumar, (2010), JIT Based Quality Management Concepts and Implications in Indian Context, International ledger of Engineering Science and Technology Vol. 2(1), 2010,pp. 40-50 5) Dixit Garg, S. G. Deshmukh (1999), JIT Purchasing Literature review and implications for Indian Industry, Production Planning and Control, Vol 10 , No 3, pp. 276-285 6) Vikas Kumar, Dixit garg, N P Mehta(2004), JIT Practices in Indian Context A survey, journal of Scientific and Industrial Research, Vol 63 ,pp. 55-662 7) Chandra, Kodali (1997),Implementation if JIT manufacturing System An Overview, Productivity, Vol 38, pp. 312-321 8) Haritha Saranga, Arnab Mukherji & Janat Shah, Determinants of Inventory Trends in the Indian Automotive Industry An empiric Study, Indian Institute of Management Bangalore, India 9) Sultan Singh, Dixit Garg (2011), Comparative analysis of Japanese Just-in-Time Purchasing and Traditional Indian Purchasing System, International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology (IJEST), vol. 3, no. 3 10) Sultan Singh, Dixit Garg , Attributes in JIT Purchasing, Akgec Journal Of Technology, vol. 2, no. 11) Jocclyn Drolet, Rene Gelinas, Real Jacob (1996), Just-in-Time purchasing and the partnership strategy, European Journal of Purchasing & Supply Management , vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 39-45 12) B. Mahadevan (2010), Operations Management Theory and Practice 13) Frost & Sullivan , (2010), Cellular Manufacturing makes Plant Operations Lean and on the table, http//www. frost. com/prod/servlet/press-release. pag? docid=202718293 1 4) Timothy J. Greene , Randall P. Sadowski , A review of cellular manufacturing assumptions, advantages and design techniques 15) Shishir Bhat, (2008), Cellular manufacturing-the heart of Lean manufacturing, Advances in Production Engineering and Management, Vol 3 , No 4 16) B.Vijaya Ramnath,C. Elanchezhian and R. Kesavan, (2010) Application of kanban system for implementing lean manufacturing (a case study), Journal of Engineering Research and Studies, Vol. I/Issue I/July-Sept. 17) Kee-hung Lai and T. C. E. Cheng , Just-in-Time Logistics 18) Ken alternburg, Debbie griscom, Jack hart, Frank smith, Gary wohler 1999, Just-in-time logistics support for the Automobile industry, Production and inventory management journalsecond quarter 19) KPMG (2006), Indian Automotive Supply Chain KPMG 20) http//amitsinghbisht. articlesbase. com/marketing-articles/maruti-udyog-limited-managing-competition-successfully-723310. html

Mice and Men Essay

There are a number of characters in Of Mice and Men who postulate stargazes of a better action. These characters admit George, Lennie and sweeten, who dream of a invoke of their induce, and Curleys married woman, who dreams of becoming a glamorous Hollywood actress. In this es hypothesise I will discuss their dreams and the effects on the novels characters when their dreams are unfulfilled. The central characters in Of Mice and Men are George and Lennie. Their dream is introduced to the reader in the first chapter, OK. Someday were gonna get the laborer together and were gonna have a little house and a couple of acres an a cow and some pigs and An live off the fatta the local area network, Lennie shouted. An have rabbits. George and Lennies dream is to leave behind their lives as travelling workers and have a place of their own where they can settle down. For Lennie the dream of animation on their own farm is closely connected to looking after rabbits. Perhaps this is becau se the only way that Lennie can actually relate to the dream is by means of the idea of something practical and touchable which relates to his tactile qualities. Clearly, the material aspect of owning his own land means very little to Lennie.At the start of the novel we escort that Lennie likes to pet soft things, like mice and rabbits. It is this trait that eventually leads to Lennies downfall when he tries to smooth Curleys wifes soft hair. However, for George the dream of the farm has other benefits. Firstly, George can see the practical, economic advantage of owning their own place. If I was bright, if I was even a little bit smart, Id have my own little place, an Id be bringin in my own crops, stead of doin all the work and not getting what comes up outta the ground. Yet it is not just the practical benefits of owning a farm that attract George to this dream.We learn that George has no family I aint got no people, and it seems as though the dream of a farm also represents the notion of home to George. An wed keep a few pigeons to go flyin around the winmill like they through with(p) when I was a kid Wed jus live there. Wed belong there. So, for George, the dream of a farm offers a psychological antidote to his rootless, travelling life and gives him a sense of belonging. Another attraction of the farm dream is that it gives George the promise of some sense of control and autonomy in his life. In his conversation with Candy about owning a farm, George saysSpose they was a carnival or a circus come to town, or a ball game, or whatsoever damn thing. Old Candy nodded in appreciation of the idea. Wed just go to her, George said. We wouldnt ask nobody if we could. Jus say Well go to her, an we would. This shows how powerless George feels in his life and how much power employers exercised over their workers at that time. Another example of George and Lennies powerlessness is shown after Lennies fight with Curley, the bosss word of honor when Georges im mediate concern is that they will be canned or dismissed.However, in this situation, they retain their jobs because Slim steps in and persuades Curley to say he got his arrive at caught in a machine. In Chapter 2 when George and Lennie discuss their dream they are overheard by Candy, the old swamper. Candy is immediately swept up with the idea of owning their own farm and offers his savings to them to make the dream come true. At this point in the novel it seems as if the dream could actually become a reality. They deplorable into silence. They looked at one another, amazed. This thing they had neer really believed in was coming true. George said reverently, Jesus ChristI bet we could swing her. His eyes were panoptic of wonder. What is interesting is that at this point in the novel the dream of the farm actually moves from being a pipe dream which will probably never happen, to an achievable goal which is actually within their grasp. It is Candys involvement that makes this ch ange take place. Although Candy shares Georges reasons for wanting a farm, there is also an extra dimension for Candy wanting to live on their own place. We get the sense that Candy feels redundant, useless and vulnerable because he is old and has mazed his hand.Candy feels uneasy about his future Theyll can me purty soon. Jus as soon as I cant swamp out no frill houses theyll put me on the county. So for Candy the dream of the farm means independence nobody could can us, because in his present situation he is entirely dependent on the bosss tolerance and charity. In the novel, this is partially demonstrated by Carlson shooting Candys dog former that evening. In an echo of Candys own situation of the ranch, Carlson, without much pity or concern, shoots Candys dog because he is old and it is awkward to keep him because of the smell.It is not hard to imagine that Candy feels there is a parallel between his own situation and his dogs. Candys adjunct to the dream of their own fa rm is demonstrated in Chapter 5 when he realises that all hopes of the dream have come crashing down when he discovers Curleys wifes dead body You God damn tramp, he said viciously. You done it, dint you? I spose youre glad. Everbody knowed youd mess things up If they was a circus or a baseball game we would of went to her Never ast nobodys say so.

Lab Report on milk co-motion Essay

1. Provide a possible explanation of phenomenon you observed based on the eruptlet of your experiment.When food color is added to draw, it floats because it is less dense than milk. The non-polar fat in the milk prevents the food color from pass outing, as it cannot participate in hydrogen bonding with water. When detergent is added to milk and the food color, the non-polar ends of the soap molecules attracts towards the non-polar fat of milk, and the interaction of the detergent with the fat in milk results the food color to swirl around. Whenever the detergent touches the milk, it breaks up the drops of fat, which spread out, allowing the food coloring and milk to mix. The food coloring swirls into the places where the fat was. Detergent molecules dissolve fat of milk by having one hydrophobic end (which interacts well with the fat) and one hydrophilic end (which interacts well aqueous part of the milk).2.How would the results of this experiment differ ifa)Skim milk was used?( Milk from which the cream (fat) has been taken is called skimmed milk.)If skim milk was used, the drops of food color would dispersed in milk withoutthe need of detergent because all the fats has been taken out of milk and itallowsthe food color to dissolve in it.b)Homogenized milk was used?(Homogenized milk is the milk in which all the fat be mixed so that it does not rise on the top)Fat is indissoluble in water. Water-soluble food colors will spread and dissolve in water, but their execution would be slow if homogenized milk was used, because milk contains globules of fat, the fat that is mixed in. The swirling and churning motion would be partly due to the attraction between soap and the milks fat particles.3. Research emulsifying agents and how they are used in the food in the foodindustry?EMULSIFIER An ingredient used to bind inunct soluble and water soluble ingredients. Substances that are soluble in both fat and water and alter fat to be uniformly dispersed in water are emulsifiers. Emulsifying agents used in foods intromit agar, albumin, alginates, casein, egg yolk, glycerol monostearate, gums, Irish moss, lecithin, soaps.Emulsifying agents work by reducing come out of the closet tension, forming complex films on the surface of emulsified droplets and creating a repulsive barrier on emulsified droplets to prevent their coalescence.4. What is an emulsifying agent in the body? Explain how it plant?Emulsifying agent in the bodyThe emulsifying agent in the human body is bile. It is a bitter, alkaline, brownish-yellow or greenish-yellow fluid that is secreted by the liver, stored in the gallbladder, and discharged into the duodenum. Bile containsbile acids, which are critical for digestion and absorption of fats and fat-soluble vitamins in the small intestine. Many waste products are eliminated from the body by secretion into bile and elimination in feces.

An analysis of Laurence Sterne’s The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman Essay

In this essay my aim is to demonstrate how the author parodies the different memoir techniques, how he uses the time-shift device, how he introduces the relationship in the midst of the fabricator and the commentator, how he addresses the ratifier and how he makes use of the hobby-horses.For an k directledgeableness I would like to mention some aspects of the tonic and its reception. Sterne is best(p) kn avouch for his invigorated The Life and Opinions of Tristram shandy, Gentleman, for which he became famous non only in England, provided through away Europe as intumesce. Sterne wrote Tristram Shandy between 1759 and 1767. It was published in nine volumes, the front two appearing in 1760, and seven differents following oer the next ten years. concord to a literary webpage it was not always conceit as a masterpiece by other writers such as Samuel Johnson who said in a critique from 1776 that cipher odd pass on do long.Tristram Shandy did not last but in opposition to that European critics such as Voltaire and later Goethe praised the book, clearly superior. (www.sparknotes.com/lit/sterne). The novel may give way been for Sterne and his genesis an excitingly new form, but Sterne manages to bring home to the indorser what a novel could not do as well as what it could. (Ricks,15). According to Andrew Sanders this novel is the one that is freest of insistent linearity, the one that makes the approximately avant-garde bid to escape from the models established by the epic or by archives. It glances back to the anecdotal scholarship of Burtons The Anatomy of Melancholy, to the bawdy ebullience of Rabelais, and to the auditional games of Swift and the Scriblerians, but it is ultimately an unprecedented, and still unrivalled, experiment with form. (Sanders, 317).In this novel, Sterne broadens the possibilities of the novel form, and yet unlike some novels, it is concerned explicitly with reminding us that in that location are things which you cannot expect a novel to do. The greatness of Sterne is that, with humour, and sensitivity, he insists all the time that novels cannot save us. (Ricks, 13)To begin my analysis, first I would like to look at how Sterne parodies the different narrative techniques. According to Jeffrey Williams the novel demonstrates an extraordinary bicycle form in novelistic sense due to the fact that the narrative of Tristrams autobiography and the history of the Shandy family are incomplete and intermitted. The arrangement of the plot is quite exceptional concerning the conventional plot forms because it is disorganized and has a non- linear schema. (Williams, 1032) An essayist, namely Viktor Shklovsky, gives the answer to that unique form that the disorder is intentional the work possesses its own poetics. (Shklovsky, 66)Following the previous statement from Jeffrey Williams, the narrated events are often interrupted by Tristram who calls for the importance of narration. He explains that Tristram Shandy is an embedded narration, which means that the interrupted parts and comments make a linear narrative. The main character is the narrator, Tristram Shandy, who tries to postulate the best he can when recounting the history of the Shandy family from 1695 till 1711. (Williams, 1033) As Shklovsky puts it, Tristram Shandy is the most typical of novels because it so everywheretly inscribes its own narrative, its own act of narrating. (Shklovsky, 66).To continue with this theme, the time of narrating is worth mentioning. In an essay by Jeffrey Williams, Genette Grard distinguishes four types of narration according to temporal position and places this novel into the cooccurring form, meaning narrative in the present contemporaneous with the bring through. (Williams, 1036) From this explanation it turns out that Tristram Shandy, as part of Tristrams autobiography, is a narration in the past.The other basic device Sterne uses is the time-shift technique which brakes what ever so a ction may seem to be developing (Shklovsky, 67) To illustrate what Shklovsky means by the time-shift device, he takes an cause from the book. In the first volume, Sterne tells us rough the interruption of a sexual act (in which Tristram was begot) by Mrs Shandys question. The anecdote is figured out as the following Tristrams father sleeps with his wife only on the first Sunday of each month the same evening he winds up the clock in order to get out of the way at one time all family concernments, and be no more plagued and pestered with them the rest of the month. As a conclusion, an irresistible association of ideas became established in his wifes mind as soon as she heard the clock being irritate up, a totally different matter came to her mind, and the other way around. That is the savvy for her question, Pray, my dear, have you not forgot to wind up the clock? (Shklovsky, 67 similarly qtd by TS., 35) and the interruption of Tristrams fathers activity.. (Shklovsky, 67).He ho rizontal surfaceed out in his essay that this anecdote is presented into the book through different steps. The initial step is the comment nigh the irresponsibility of parents, then the mothers question without a reason for its significance. The lector may specify that the question interrupted what the father was saying but this is only Sternes trick which aims at our misconception - Did ever woman, since the creation of the world, interrupt a man with such a silly question? (T.S. 36 besides qtd. by Shklovsky). This device particularises the novel from the commence. Shklovsky states that Sterne mentions the purpose only after the actions, which is his constant device.Following the time-shift technique, some other device Shklovsky presents is the usage of sewing in concert the novel from different short stories. Sterne seems to manipulate and expose the novels very structure formal devices and structural relations made perceptible by violating their ordinary employment, which make up the very content of the novel. Sterne permitted actions to take place simultaneously, but he parodied the development of the subplot and the impact into it of new material. The description of Tristram Shandys birth is the material developed in the first part, occupying umteen pages, almost none of which are devoted to the account of the birth itself. What is developed, in the main, is the heros converse with Uncle Toby. (Shklovsky, 68-69)____ I wonder whats all that noise, and running backwards and forwards for, above stairs, quoth my father, addressing himself, after an minute of arc and a halfs silence, to my uncle Toby, ___ who you must know, was sitting on the opposite side of the fire, smoking his societal pipe all the time, in mute contemplation of a new pair of black-push-breeches which he had got on___ What can they be doing, brother?____ quoth my father, we can scarce hear ourselves talk. I think, replied my uncle Toby, taking his pipe from his mouth, and liai son the head of it two or three times upon the nail of his left thumb, as he began his sentence,____ I think, says he ____ But to defer rightly into my uncle Tobys sentiments upon this matter, you must be made to enter a little into his character, the outlines of which I shall just give you, and then the dialogue between him and my father will go on as well again. (TS., 87 also qtd. by Shklovsky, 69)As the former example demonstrates, the technique of intrusion is used by Sterne constantly, and it is obvious in his funny remembrance of Uncle Toby. He not only recognizes the hyperbolic elaborations of his development, but plays with that development. This method is for Sterne the canon. (Shklovsky, 70).The next topic relating to the novel is how the relationship of the narrator and the reader is presented. For this matter, I will use an Internet source, namely an essay by Aimed Ben-hellal. According to Aimed Ben-hellal, in the beginning of the novel Tristram Shandy declares that Wri ting, when properly managed, (as you may be sure I think mine is) is but a different name for a conversation () (T.S., 127, also qtd. by Ben-hellal). This statement will determine his writing all the way through the book. Tristrams speech defines the continuous dialogue between narrator and reader. In the above example the reader is addressed in an informal and communicative way. Tristram tries to lure the reader from the beginning of the novel and tries to get as over ofttimes of his attention as he can, which means that the reader is brought on the stage to run low the true character of the book (Ben-hellal, 1).In the opening chapter of the book, Tristram addresses the reader as the following ___ Believe me replete(p) folks, this is not so inconsiderable a thing as many of you may think it () (T.S, 36, also qtd. by Ben-hellal). In this quotation, the narrator attempts to catch the attention of his reader to point out his understanding of the sad circumstances of his destiny. Th e heros life and his adventures are presented to the reader in order to get to know him. The narrator manages to establish the first contact. The appellation good folks is unremarkably indicative of the distance which initially separates the actor from his spectators. (Ben-hellal, 2). Three chapters later this distance lessensI know there are readers in the world, as well as many other good people in it, who are readers at all, __ who find themselves ill at ease, unless they are let into the whole secret from first to last, of every thing which concerns you. ( T.S, 37, also qtd. by Ben-hellal, 2).Ben-hellal states that Tristram invites different kinds of people, occasional readers or literature addicts to try to neck with the unfolding of the narrative. Tristrams story begins ab Ovo (from the egg), in defiance of the Homeric epic customs duty that begins stories in the middle of things and then allows the background to unfold along with the action. The alternative, seemingly, wou ld be to begin with the beginning Tristram takes the surmise to an almost ludicrous extreme by beginning from his conception rather than his birth. (www.sparknotes.com/lit/sterne)Tristram tries to discern the kind of readers that will best understand him due to the fact that a novel crucially depends on a reader. (Ben-hellal, 2) The following quotation clearly illustrates thatTo such readers, however, as do not aim to go so far back into these things, I can give no better advice, than that they cut back over the remaining part of this Chapter for I declare before hand, tis wrote only for the curious and the inquisitive. (T.S, 38 also qtd. by Ben-hellal,2)As Ben-hellal pointed out in chapter six, volume one, the narrator and a reader become much closer to one another. In the novel this intimacy referred to as you, Sir, or my dear friend and fellow traveller. The personal pronouns, I, and you, emphasize the informality of the conversation.As you proceed further with me, the sligh t acquaintance which is now beginning betwixt us, will grow into familiarity and that, unless one of us is in sack, will terminate in friendship.() then nothing which has touched me will be thought trifling in its disposition, or softened in its telling (T.S, 41, also qtd. by Ben-hellal, 3).This chapter turns out to be the beginning of intimacy and sociability. The narrators main concern is to be friendly with the reader, and to sympathise with the unfortunate hero. (Ben-hellal, 3) Tristrams frequent addresses to the reader standoff us into the novel. From Tristrams perspective, we are asked to be open-minded, and to follow his lead in an experimental kind of literary adventure. The gap between Tristram -the- author and Sterne-the-author, however, invites us not only to participate with Tristram, but also to value his character and his narrative. (www.sparknotes.com/lit/sterne) A quotation quoted by Ben-hellal illustrates the number and frequency of apostrophes, which indicates that Tristrams relationship with his readership become quite intimate. Tristram addresses the reader approximately three hundred and fifty times during the course of the book as My Lord, Jenny, Madam, your worship, Julia, your reverences, gentry,(). It is as though the reader has invaded the book and Tristams confidence in a single statement rest on determining the unknown readership. (Ben-hellal,3)This considered, we powerfulness safely infer that the concept of readership is significantly manipulated in Tristram Shandy. Tristrams behaviour differs according to changes in the identity of his imaginary reader. From chapter six on, the type of reader identities becomes wider and more varied. ( Ben-hellal, 3). The following passage will best illustrate how the narrator addresses the readerYour son __ your dear son, ___ from whose sweet temper you have so much to expect. ___Your Billy, Sir ___ would you, for the world, have called him Judas? ___ Would you, my dear Sir, he would say, l aying his hand upon your breast, with the genteelest address () ___Would you, Sir, if a Jew of a godfather had proposed the name for your child, and offered you his furrow along with it, would you have consented to such a desecration of him? (TS, 78 also qtd. By Ben-hellal, 4).Pleading in favour of his fathers theory about the influence of names on the destiny of new-born children, Tristram addresses the reader in the liveliest manner. Exclamation and question marks punctuate the whole passage to convey an impression of merry exchanges. As he tries to demonstrate the validity of Walter Shandys viewpoint, Tristram humorously implicates the reader and the readers son Billy. To make his point the narrator stages a tailor-made reader (and his son), for the space of a single representation and asks him if he would have accepted to christen his hypothetical son with the name of Judas (Ben-hellal, 4).The most comical dialogues in the novel are when the imaginary distaff reader is addres sed by Tristram.___How could you, Madam, be so inattentive in reading the last chapter? I told you in it, That my mother was not a papist. ___ Papist You told me no such thing, Sir. Madam, I beg leave to repeat it over again, That I told you as plain, at least, as words, by direct inference, could tell you such a thing. ___ thence, Sir, I must have missd a page.___ No Madam, __ you have not missd a word. Then I was asleep, Sir.__ My pride, Madam, cannot allow you that refuge.___ Then I declare, I know nothing about the matter.___ That, Madam, is the very fault I lay to your charge and as a punishment for it, I do insist upon it, that you straight turn back, that is, as soon as you get to the next full stop, and read the whole chapter over again (TS, 82 also qtd. By Ben-hellal, 4).According to Ben-hellal, the female reader is introduced because the narrator wants to discipline her and the reason lies in the act of reading. Punctuation is again present, showing the concept of convers ation. Reading through the quotation, Tristram resembles as an dictatorial narrator, who instructs the Madam what to do and how to do things. The narrator accuses her of not reading attentively. (Ben Hellal, 5) In Chapter twenty, Tristram saysI indirect request the male-reader has not passed by many a one, as quaint and curious as this one, in which the female-reader has been detected. I wish it may have its effects __ and that all good people, both male and female, from her example, may be thought to think as well as read. (TS, 84)In the above quotation, the narrator tries to highlight the importance of intellection and reading. He points out the example of the Madam to others, in order to learn from it.The last topic I would like to touch upon is how the reader is associated with the idea of the hobby-horse. There is nothing inherently sinister about these hobby-horses most people have them, and Tristram confesses readily to having a few of his own. (www.sparknotes.com/lit/stern e) In an article about the idea of the hobby-horse, the writer, namely Helen Ostovich, deals with the reader-relationship between the narrator and a female reader, Madam. Tristram usually treats Sir ___ his male reader ___with workaday indifference, and showers his mighty or fashionable readers , whether secular or clerical __ your worships and your reverences __ with genial contempt. He lumps the male readers together with other good, unlearned folks in his conception of the collective reader as recalcitrant hobby-horse. (Ostovich, 156) The female reader represents a special kind of hobby-horse to Tristram. Madam is in comparison with the Spanish horse, Rosinante.She is, like Rosinante, the milling machinerys horse a horse of chaste deportment, which may have given grounds for a contrary opinion () __ And let me tell you, Madam, there is a great deal of very good chastity in the world, in behalf of which you could not say more of your life. (TS, 47-48 also qtd. by Ostovich, 156) According to Ostovich, this quotation suggests that the horses physical appearance and the riders imagination are related. valet de chambre and hobby-horse are, in Tristrams opinion, are similar to body and soul long journeys and much friction take a shit electric charges between the two that redefine both, so that ultimately a clear description of the nature of the one may form a pretty exact notion of the genius and character of the other. (T.S, 99 also qtd. by Ostovich, 156) By getting on a horse and riding it well means a good experience. This happens in the case of the writer if he writes with pleasure, the reader will apply him so the experience provides its own answers. (Ostovich, 156)To conclude my analysis of Tristram Shandy, one can say that this novel is not a conventional one due to its most noticeable characteristics its time-scheme and its discursive style.Works Cited1. Ostovich, Helen. Reader as Hobby-Horse in Tristram Shandy. In New, Melvyn, ed. Tristram Shandy. (Contemporary Critical Essays). London Macmillan Education Ltd, 1992.2. Sanders, Andrew. The Short Oxford History of English Literature. Oxford Oxford UP routine Ed., 1994. pp. 317-318.3. Shklovsky, Viktor. A Parodying Novel Sternes Tristram Shandy. In O Teorii Prozy. Moscow, 1929.4. Sterne, Laurence. The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman. London Penguin Group., 1967.5. Williams, Jeffrey. Narrative of Narrative. (Tristram Shandy). Modern manner of speaking Notes. 105(1990) pp. 1032 1045.6. www.sparknotes.com/lit/sterne7. www.univ-mlv.fr/bibliotheque/presses/travaux/travaux2/benhellal.htm